PROBLEMS, WHICH INTEREST EACH ARMENIAN ON THE WORLD
1. What construction, composition and evolution have earth crust, by power in 50 km, of the territory of Armenia
2. Are there in the territory of Armenia
3. How the magmatic centers in the territory of Armenia
4. How the seismic centers in the territory of Armenia
The answers of above indicated problems are affected in the published article:
Arutyunyan A. V. (2010), Earth crust of Lesser Caucasus, ophiolites, volcanism, oilgasbearing, seismisity, Vestn. Otd. nauk Zemle, 2, NZ6006, doi:10.2205/2010NZ000024.
The article is placed in blog 1, the evolution of earth crust were presanted by the animated file. At the end of article we offer the collaboration with the specialists from different countries of the World.
One of general problem is to eliciting oil-and-gas-bearing structures in the territory of Armenia
PERSPECTIVES OF OIL-GAS BEARING ON THE TERRITORY OF ARMENIA
PROPOSAL
The problem of estimation of oil-gas bearing on territory of Armenia Armenia
The perspectives of oil-gas bearing on territory of Armenia are valued positively in the last publications of the outstanding specialists (Aslanyan, Kleschev, Shein, Grigoryants, Popov, Wheaton, Bain, Gray, Gabrielyants, Gavrilov, Chilingaryan), and the approaches to its solution essentially differ owing to poor study and complication of the depth construction of separate geostructures and of the Earth crust as a whole.
As the date of surface geology, oil well-drilling and geophysics testify, the originality of the structure of the Earth crust of Armenia is instituted by its integumentary constitution and forming of hydrocarbons deposits both strata and due to fault structures.
With the purpose of eliciting a plutonic constitution, composition and evolution of the earth crust of Armenia and also the increase of fidelity in interpretation of different geophysical and geological sections available on territory of Armenia, in 1970 a laboratory of Experimental seismotectonics was created by academician Ashot Aslanian at State Engineering University of Armenia in cooperation with the specialists of the Institute of Physics of the Earth of Russia Academy of Sciences.
The result of the studies held is the petrophysical section and evolution of the Earth crust introduced by us. On the introduced model the genesis of hydrocarbons, both by organic and inorganic ways, their migration and forming of oil-gas bearing structures on the upper horizons of Earth crust is exhibited. On the basis of the proposed model the results of our studies at high termobaric conditions, and also at more than 20 geologic and geophysical factual data.
On the proposed model it is possible to esteem some problems now being problematic:
1. Structure composition and heterogeneity of Earth crust on territory of Armenia
2. Formation of separate geostructures of Earth crust (depth construction of ophiolit structures, formation of melange).
3. Formation of crust magmatic centers (in situ) owing to pressure and temperature increase, volcanism in Central part of Armenia
4. Fluid mode, dehydration of some varieties of rocks, genesis of organic and inorganic hydrocarbons, migration of fluids and hydrocarbons on the upper horizons of earth crust, on faults zones, their accumulation in layers having collectors properties, forming of oil- gas bearing structures.
5. Polymorphic transformations in minerals and dehydration of rocks on different depths of Earth crust, being the causes of geodynamic processes, calling short- term seismic processes, earthquakes. The results of studies of these processes can be utilized at the solution of the problem connected with the forecasting of earthquakes.
As the present slip concerns the genesis of hydrocarbons and formation of oil-gas bearing structures on territory of Armenia
According to the proposed model of evolution of earth crust on territory of Armenia
- Owing to submergence and swelling of sedimentary layers, there is an expression of bound waters and waste-handling of organic matter, forming of hydrocarbons by a traditional way, their migration on faults zones in the upper horizons of Earth crust and up building in layers having collectors properties.
- Owing to closure of locate, there is also submergence of the 3-rd serpentines layers of oceanic crust. Serpentines masses including 10-13% of water on different depths, owing to pressure and temperature increase are subjected to processes of dehydration. On big depths of earth crust the hydrogen-containing components are derived. The existence of carbon containing components on big depths is a stipulated fact. At high termobaric conditions there are chemical reactions between hydrogen containing and carbon containing components, the result of which are the hydrocarbons and fluids of different composition. That is, there is forming of hydrocarbons by a mineral-inorganic way, which accrues on big depths in favorable domain structures. At seismotectonics processes, from big depths, the fluids and the hydrocarbons by faults zones migrate to the upper horizons, are mixed with hydrocarbons of an organic genesis and accrue in layers having collectors properties.
Under the literary data major conditions of forming oil and gas fields are:
· tectonic factor (favorable conditions of migration of hydrocarbons and fluids, availability of the cover structures).
· lithologic factor (physicomechanic and collectors properties of rocks).
· hydrogeologic factor (connection of hydrocarbons with underground mineral waters).
· developments of hydrocarbons on a surface, in pores and fractures of rocks, in underground mines and in wells.
The availability of all enumerated conditions on territory of Armenia
Esteeming regional geophysical and geological cross sections, and also the proposed model of evolution of Earth crust on the territory of Armenia, it is possible to offer with confidence that astenolayers (the low-speed, high plasticity structures), registered on depths of 5-13 km, are mother oil-gas bearing structures. These structures are covered with litoplastins (high-velocity, impervious low-powered, 1-2km, tire coverings). On territory of Armenia
An interesting fact is also the availability of mineral waters in Earth crust on depths of 800-3000 meters, development of hydrocarbons in numerous regions on the surface, on the wells and underground mains on territory of Armenia
The total value of above-mentioned data is a ground for the practical offers on conducting oil exploration operations on territory of Armenia
- By detailed seismoexploration studies to reveal nature of variability of the surface sectioning astenolayers from the litoplastin, the average depth of which is 5 km by area studies. To establish the places of the critical depth of location of astenolayers (3,5-5 km).
- After determination of a critical depth of location of astenolayers to establish the place of the drilled well.
The present slip is offered to notice to Government of Armenia Armenia territory of Armenia
Associate Professor of the Chair of Earth's interior and protection of environment of the
Albert V. Harutyunyan
Phon : +3749135593
However, the new ideas on forming oil and gas slated by us for the first time on territory of Armenia
But the veracity of results, obtained by us, and more than 10 positive recalls of the known specialists from different countries of the World, gives us the basis to keep to search the investors worldwide. As it is underlined at the end of the proposal, it is necessary to conduct detailed seismic researches within the limits of a perspective oil-bearing structure. On our estimations it is required to conduct seismic survey in 200-250 linear km.
The company, known in the World, is ready to conduct this operation for 2 million. US dollars.
Detailed seismic researches will reveal the critical depth of the drilled well, which one can vary from 3,0 up to 5,0 km. The cost of well will be determined after seismic researches (on international estimations cost of 5,0 km is 10-12 million. US dollars).
We hope, that the proposal, elected by us, will give a positive solutions of such relevant problem, as energetic, for Republic of Armenia
LESSER CAUCASUS EARTH’S CRUST, OPHIOLITES, VOLCANISM, OILGASBEARING, SEISMICITY
Harutyunyan A.V.
Department of Earth's interior and protection of environment,
E-mail: avhk@seua.am
Fixism or mobilism,
to adhere to the concepts,
or to be a simple realist?
Abstract
The results of studies in seismic and density properties of rocks in high thermobaric conditions, interpretation of numerous geological-geophysical data have allowed to present the Earth’s crust of petrophysical section and Armenia
1. ophiolite and magmatic centre forming mechanism within the limits of the Earth’s crust;
2. organic and inorganic hydrocarbon genesis;
3. the origin of the seismic centres.
According to the proposed model:
-ophiolites arise owing of protrusive intrusion of serpentinized masses on deep faults towards the upper horizons of the Earth’s crust. The basic source of their formation is the third serpentinized layer of the Tethys oceanic crust. Magmatic centres within the limits of the crust arise on different depths owing to dehydration of serpentinized masses, but basically in the depths 35-40 km;
-the rock dehydration in different depths results in formation of hydrogenous components, their compound with carbonaceous components results in inorganic hydrocarbon genesis. The hydrocarbons of organic genesis are formed while metamorphizating rocks of marine origin in the upper crust horizons. Migrating in the depth faults the organic and inorganic hydrocarbons are mixed and accumulated in rocks possessing collector properties;
- seismic centres arise also at the protrusive permanent intrusion of serpentinized masses to the upper horizons, at dehydration of rocks accompanied by abrupt changes of the volumes and at the polymorphic transformations in minerals accompanied by both phase transformation and abrupt changes of volumes.
Keywords: crust, evolution, ophiolites, volcanism, serpentinites, hydrocarbons, dehydration, polymorphism.
1. Composition, structure and evolution of the Earth’s crust
The Lesser Caucasus is located on North-East of Anatolia-Caucasus-Iran region. The peculiarity of the Earth’s crust of the territory is a composite tectonic structure: availability of plutonic faults, ophiolite belts, seismicity, volcanism, etc. For the last decades the complex geological-geophysical studies were performed and to a definite extent revealed the tectonic structure and composition of the Earth’s crust, location of deep faults, mechanism of forming different geostructures, features of volcanism, etc. [1,2,3 et al.]. The Republic of Armenia
However, despite the existing geological-geophysical materials, there are unsolved problems concerning plutonic structure, composition and evolution of the Earth’s crust, the mechanism to ophiolite belt formation, volcanism, seismotectonics and oilgasbearing, knowledge of physics on the seismic centres.
An attempt is made to apply to the listed problems based on the real, factual data not resting on principles of fixism or mobilism.
In depths of the Earth the matter is under high thermodynamic conditions, therefore during last decades in many developed countries the special notice is given to studies of elastic-density, rheological, magneto-electrical and other physical-mechanical properties of rocks and minerals at high pressures and temperatures.
Seismic and density properties of all rock varieties of Lesser Caucasus were studied under high thermobaric conditions. The intervals of velocity instabilities for seismic Vp, Vs waves and density are revealed under different thermobaric conditions [4-8]. Based on results obtained more than 20 geological-geophysical profiles are interpreted. As a result, a petrophysical section of the Earth’s crust of Lesser Caucasus has been presented [4,5,9]. Some geophysical data obtained after Spitak’s earthquake in 1988 are introduced.
Fig. 1. Location of Armenia
Line АB-geophysical profiles and petrophysical sections in the given article are introduced in the indicated line, which intercepts two ophiolite belts and Central flexure of Armenia
Geophysical studies revealing heterogeneity of the Earth’s crust [10, 11], existence of layers with low (in depths of 5-13 and 35-50 km) and high (in depths of 4-6 and 22-35 km) seismic wave velocity were carried out in large volumes on the territory of Armenia 1988 in depths of 35-50 km (Fig. 2). The layer of high conductivity with 10-15 km thickness disposed on the base of the Earth’s crust in depths of 35-50 km is revealed by the MTZ method proposed by the Ukrainian geophysicists (Fig. 3). Low-speed, low-density and high-plasticity layers have high conductivity and low gravity anomalies [12]. Based on geological-geophysical data as well as publications concerning formation of the Earth’s crust for other regions of the Earth [13], the model of crust evolution of Lesser Caucasus from oceanic up to continental crust is proposed [9, 14] (Fig. 4).
Owing to closure of oceanic crust Tethys, under moving of the Arabian plate in the North- East direction, the low-density, high-plasticity serpentinized ultra-bazites and serpentinites of the 3rd layer of oceanic crust, along with plutonic faults are protrusively implanted to the upper horizons’ crust. In separate areas the process is tracked by partial dehydration serpentinites with melting of masses and forming magmatic centres.
Fig. 2. The seismic section of Armash-Akhaltsikha according to MRW-DSS (Neftegeophizika 1989) [11]
1. layers with high-velocity seismic waves; 2. layers with low-velocity seismic waves.
| Fig. 3. Geoelectric profile of Armash- Akhaltsikha according to MTZ (Ukrgeology 1989) |
1. geophysical horizons; 2. average value of geoelectric horizon conductivity, m / ohm,;
3. zones of plutonic faults.
The aqueous components exuding during dehydration interact with pyroxenes of gabbroic layer resulting in forming amphibolites in the indicated depths. The part of serpentinized layer in lens-shaped structures has been saved in the base of the Earth’s crust up to now.
The above mentioned serpentinites-amphibolites layer is tracked with gabbroic layer, which has high velocity seismic waves, and above gabbroic layer gabbro-diorite layer is disposed, which was derivated owing to gravitational differentiation of volcanogenic second layer of the oceanic crust. With changing of high pressure and temperature, owing to sedimentary rock metamorphization of the first layer of oceanic crust, the formation of metamorphosed (granite) layer occurred. Above the metamorphic layer the sedimentary-volcanogenic layers of Mesozoic - Cainozoic age were formed..
Fig. 4. Structure, composition and evolution of the Earth’s crust in the territory of Armenia
1. water; 2. sedimentary layer; 3. low-metamorphized complex of the sedimentary layers;
4. metamorphized complex of Pre-Cambrian and Lower Paleozoic (granite layer-G); 5. volcanogenic layer; 6. gabbro-diorite layer (B1); 7. gabbro layer (B2); 8. amphibolite and serpentine layer (B3); 9. serpentinized layer; 10. ultra-basites (upper mantle); 11. volcanic apparatus; 12. collision of ophiolite volcanites; 13. granite intrusion; 14. cover structures; 15. domain structures of hydrocarbons; 16. faults; 17. hypocentre of Spitak 1988 Earthquake; TC- Transcaucasian microplate, L - Lock's massif, S- Sevan ophiolite zone, TM-Tsaghkunyats massif, CA- Central Armenian microplate, V- Vedy ophiolite zone, SA- South-Armenian microplate.
To view the animation click here
On the proposed model of the Earth’s crust evolution the following interdependent problems are discussed: 1. forming of ophiolites, their plutonic structure and seismic features; 2. forming of magmatic centres within the limits of the Earth’s crust (in situ); 3. the genesis of organic and inorganic hydrocarbons in different depths, their migration and accumulation in collector rocks, forming of oilgasbearing layers; 4. the origin of the seismic centres, namely, permanent intrusion of serpentinezed masses, dehydration of rocks, polymorphic and phase changes in minerals.
2. Forming of ophiolite belts and magmatic
centres within the limits of the Earth’s crust (in situ)
The major geostructures of the Earth’s crust within the limits of Anatolia-Caucasus-Iranian region are Erzindjan-Sevan and Erzindjan-Vedy ophiolite belts. For the last decades the relationship of triad layers of oceanic crust and enclosing rock, petrography and chemical composition, mineral resources are studied in detail. The geological maps of different scales are charted. Despite the operation made, the mechanism of forming ophiolite belts remains debatable.
The problem of ophiolite belts genesis is not only scientific, but is also of large practical importance. On the one hand, it will give data about composition of the "basalt" layer of the Earth’s crust and the upper mantle, on the other hand, ophiolites control different formations [15]. Studying ophiolite zones in different regions of the Globe a definite stratigraphic succession of rocks was established.
At present there is no unique point of view on the problem of ophiolite belt origin of Lesser Caucasus, though there are some absolutely different points of view on this problem.
The hypothesis of allochthonous ophiolites disposition supposes primary ophiolites association forming in the oceanic basins and their subsequent slipping down to the continental edge [16].
The hypothesis of ophiolite para-autochtons forming is proposed by [17]. According to this hypothesis at early stage of development the continental crust thinning at tension and under the influence of the mirror mantle diapir took place. The tension of the continental crust resulted in formation of trogues and mantle diapirism, formation of ruptures, accumulation of deep water sediments.
The detailed analysis of geological-structural, petrographycal, petrochemical, mineralogical, geochemical and metallogenical features of Sevan and Vedy ophiolites belt rocks allows [18] to consider them as association of volcano-sedimentary gabbroperidotic and gabbrodioritic complexes.
According to the geodynamic model, introduced in the report after Spitak earthquake studies in 1988, at the Alpine stage of development for territory of Armenia, during subduction of basin oceanic crust dividing the Transcaucasian and Central - Armenian microplate, an accretion complex was formed, which on completion of the oceanic crust subduction was squeezed on the Central - Armenian microplate. Such a model explains the availability in the base obducted to the south, to the southwest of the accretion complex of ophiolites rock relicts. On the introduced schema, owing to obduction of the oceanic crust, ophiolites structures of Lesser Caucasus were formed.
The plutonic construction and tectonic conditions of forming ophiolite associations of Lesser Caucasus in many respects still remain debatable.
From the proposed petrophysical section and evolution of the Earth’s crust in the territory of Armenia [9,14] (Fig. 4) it becomes clear that in forming ophiolite belts the low-density, high-plasticity serpentinized rocks, disposed in the bottom of the Earth’s crust played a great role. These rocks in deep faults permanently progressively were implanted in the upper horizons of the crust, grasping the different sizes of blocks from overlying layers, constructing mélange, widespread in the ophiolite belts. Owing to increasing the pressure and temperature, in different depths of ophiolite belts the dehydration of rocks tracked by their melting and emerging in the small-scale magmatic centres took place permanently originating an eruption of magmatic masses to the upper horizons of the crust. In the ophiolite belts the volcanites are represented as intersecting bodies, rocks of basic, average composition, more rarely as acidic composition.
Thus, the proposed mechanism of ophiolite belts explains some facts inherent to ophiolites, namely, forming of melange, cold tectonic contact between different layers, forming of volcanites, absence of reflecting boundaries in the whole depth, availability of the seismic centres in the whole depth within the limits of ophiolites (0-50km), availability of hydrothermal rocks and fluids, low-speed and high- plasticity lens-shapedstructures in the foot of the Earth’s crust, etc.
On the territory of Armenia Neogen-Quarternary Armenia
Petrological studies have resulted [19] in deduction that the andezite-basalts of Central Armenia are remelted products of gabbro-amphibolites in depths of 35-40 km. According to the proposed model of the Earth’s crust evolution the serpentinite-amphibolite and gabbroic layers are disposed in these depths. Owing to increasing pressure and temperature the magmatic centres were reshaped during dehydration of rocks within the limits of the Earth’s crust (in situ), originating permanent eruption of magmatic masses to the upper horizons of the crust. In the surface the xenoliths in the lavas are introduced by gabbroic, gabbro -amphibolites, serpentinized by ultra-bazite, etc. In the ophiolite zones volcanites are introduced by intersecting bodies, by rocks of basic, average composition (andezite dyke-shaped volcanites), more rarely by acidic composition.
3. Genesis of organic and inorganic hydrocarbons
Oil-gas explorations on the territory of Armenia territory of Armenia
At the modern stage of development in science on hydrocarbon genesis besides biogenic genesis the abiogenic (mineral) origin is widely discussed. In [23] the in-depth study of the publications on abiogenic genesis of Russian-Ukrainian specialists, the theory of Professor Gold on plutonic genesis of combustion gases, and other specialists from different countries is indicated. Based on the performed studies the fields-jumbos of oil and gas in some regions of the Globe were opened. In different publications the genesis of hydrocarbons is connected with upper mantle processes, with magmatism and process of serpentinization.
The author faithfully holds to the ideas suggested by the specialists and at the same time introduces a concept about genesis of hydrocarbons during dehydration of serpentinites in different depths of the crust accompanied by forming magmatic and seismic centres.
The basic source on genesis of hydrogenous components is the 3rd layer of oceanic crust, which at closure was submerged from 5-8 km up to 35-50 km deep. Owing to increasing of thermobaric conditions, dehydration of serpentinized masses releasing hydrogen containing components took place in submerging. The availability of carbon-containing components on different depths as carbides, carbonates, gases is a stipulated fact. As a result of Fisher - Tropsh chemical reactions at high thermobaric conditions, the low- and high-molecular hydrocarbon formation occurred. Along plutonic faults, especially during seismotectonic processes, their migration and accumulation in rocks having collector properties took place [14, 24].
According to the introduced model, there was also a submergence of different layers of marine genesis, and hereinafter their metamorphization occurred. The genesis of organic hydrocarbons, at definite thermobaric conditions, was originated by a usual traditional way from organic matter. Metamorphized complex on the territory of Armenia
Migrating in plutonic faults, hydrocarbons of organic and inorganic genesis as well as gases and different fluids segregated also during dehydration, are mixed and accumulated in the collector rocks in the upper horizons of the Earth’s crust. Apparently it is due to accompaniment of water, fluids and gases of different composition, fields of hydrocarbons in different regions of the World.
Esteeming the geophysical section (Fig. 2), the structures with low speeds in depths of 5-13 km for the first time were reviewed by us as the basic oil-and-gas-bearing structures on the territory of Armenia
According to the introduced model, the forming of magmatic centres and hydrocarbon masses during dehydration takes place simultaneously. This can be explained by the availability of hydrocarbons in eruptive masses in many regions of the World [25].
It is common knowledge that the Arabian petroliferous region consists of microplates disconnected by ophiolites [26]. It is permissible to suppose that the above mentioned processes on forming ophiolites, magmatism, genesis of hydrocarbons were originated in the Arabian region as well as in other regions of the Globe at earlier stage of geological time. The accumulation of such quantity of hydrocarbons in Arabian region (in 1 % of the Earth area 64 % of world reserves of hydrocarbons are accumulated) can be explained by the genesis of inorganic hydrocarbons.
4. Protrusive intrusion of masses, dehydration and polymorphism in minerals, possible reasons of forming seismic centres, comparison of ophiolites and seismic zoning in the territory of Armenia
The origin of earthquakes in different depths of the Earth’s crust is diverse. In particular the mechanism of originating centres of earthquakes in Armenian upland is described in publication [27].
Consider some possible reasons of forming the seismic centers at closure of the oceanic crust. As it is already marked, at serpentinized rock submerging of the 3rd layer of oceanic crust, owing to high plasticity and low density the protrusive intrusion of rocks in plutonic faults in the upper horizons of the crust takes place. Naturally, intrusion of large masses occurs permanently and spasmodically resulting in fault and seismic centre formation. This can be explained by allocation of the earthquake centres in ophiolite zones in the whole depth from 5 to 
Fig. 5. The block diagram of the Earth’s crust of the territory of Armenia
On the surface the map of seismic zoning of Armenia
Owing to tectonic processes in different depths of the Earth’s crust, increasing of pressure and temperature takes place resulting in dehydration of rocks, at which, as experiments demonstrate at high thermobaric conditions, melting of rocks with spasmodic variation of volumes up to 30 % takes place [28, 29]. The large volumetric variations in the process of rock dehydration are also considered as a reason of originating seismic centers. The studies at high pressures have shown that in some calcite-containing magmatic rocks as well as in marbles and marbled chalkstones the spasmodic variations of volumes connected with polymorphic and phase transitions in calcite mineral take place [30, 31]. The plastically deformed calcite is spread by fractures and extends them, and large volumetric variations take place. The process is compared with the process of a dilatation, where the role of water executes calcite mineral. According to the introduced model of the Earth’s crust evolution the calcite-containing rocks have a wide distribution in the metamorphosed layer in the form of marbles and metamorphosed chalkstones in the depths of 10-20 km. The centers of earthquakes with rather low force are fixed in the Central flexure of Armenia
Based on numerous geological-geophysical investigations the authors [32] introduced a detailed map of seismic zoning on the territory of Armenia territory of Armenia Armenia territory of Armenia
Conclusions
1. The results of studies on elastic-density properties of rocks at high thermobaric conditions as well as numerous geological-geophysical factual data are the fundamentals of representing petrophysical section and the Earth’s crust evolution on the territory of Armenia
2. The following interdependent problems on the petrophysical section and the Earth’s crust evolution in the territory of Armenia
- the problem of forming ophiolite belts;
- originating of magmatic centres within the limits of the Earth’s crust;
- the genesis of organic and inorganic hydrocarbons;
- the reason of forming the seismic centers.
3. The basic source of forming ophiolite structures are low-density, high-plasticity serpentinized rocks of the 3rd layer of the oceanic crust, which are protrusively implanted in plutonic faults in the upper horizons of the Earth’s crust, grasping separate blocks from above-lying layers.
4. Magmatic centres within the limits of the Earth’s crust arise owing to dehydration of serpentinites and amphibolites basically within the limits of gabbroic and serpentinite-amphibolic layers. Neogen-Quarternary andezite-alcaline volcanism within the limits of Central flexure of Armenia
5. The combined genesis of hydrocarbons is introduced. The genesis of inorganic hydrocarbons is conditioned by separation of hydrogen-containing components, the basic source of which is the 3rd layer of the oceanic crust. The organic hydrocarbons are generated traditionally owing to metamorphization of overlying rocks of marine genesis. The migration in plutonic faults of fluids, gases and hydrocarbons and their differentiation take place in the upper horizons of the crust in the rocks having collector properties.
6. Reasons of originating the seismic centres are:
- protrusive, permanent intrusion serpentinized rocks tracking by forming of faults;
- dehydration of rocks tracking with spasmodic variation of volumes;
- polymorphic transformations in minerals tracking with phase transitions and spasmodic variations of volumes.
The above-stated results encompass a broad circle of problems on geology, geophysics and seismology. The results are introduced to broad discussion of the specialists. The author will continue the further studies in close co-operation with the specialists from the indicated areas of science, from different countries of the World.
Acknowledgement
The author is sincerely grateful to Dr. Hrachia Manukyan from the Armenian National Survey for Seismic Protection and Mr Sargis Grigoryan and Mr Enok Abazyan, post-graduates of the State Engineering University of Armenia for assistance in preparing the materials and compiling of the article.
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31. Aslanyan A.T., Harutyunyan A.V.- About a possible mechanism of originating earthquakes. Reports of AS Armenian SSR, v.63, N2, 1976, 8 p.
32. Balassanian S., Martirosyan A., Nazaretyan S., Arakelyan A., Avanessyan A., Igumnov V. and Ruttener E. - Seismic Hazard Assessment in Armenia.- Natural Hazard, 18: 227-236, 1999.
33. Harutyunyan A.V., Petrosyan H.M. Relation Between the Composition, Structure, Evolution of the Earth’s Crust and Seismic Zoning of the Territory of Armenia.- 5th International Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. May, Tehran-Iran. 2007. 6 p.
Availability of relicts of oceanic crust in the ophiolite zones of Armenia is the stipulated fact. However, from what part of oceanic crust the territory of Armenia was formulated is debatable.
1. How was formed the serpentinezed 3-rd layer of oceanic crust, according to known specialists?
2 . What relationship exist between geostructures of oceanic crust?
3. What relation exist between tsunamis and underwater sliding phenomenas?
The partial answers to these problems are introduced in the animated file in the blog 2,
the materials which one are organically connected to materials introduced in blog 1. |
| AAPG grpoup |
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| Our Labaratory |
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| IGC32 Florenc 2004; |
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| IGC33 Oslo 2008 |
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| Geologicle map of Armenia |
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| Sesmic zonetion teritory of Armenia; |
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| ARARAT |
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| GARNI |
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